EVM¶
ABI¶
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class
manticore.ethereum.
ABI
¶ This class contains methods to handle the ABI. The Application Binary Interface is the standard way to interact with contracts in the Ethereum ecosystem, both from outside the blockchain and for contract-to-contract interaction.
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static
deserialize
(type_spec, data)¶
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static
function_call
(type_spec, *args)¶ Build transaction data from function signature and arguments
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static
function_selector
(method_name_and_signature)¶ Makes a function hash id from a method signature
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static
serialize
(ty, *values, **kwargs)¶ Serialize value using type specification in ty. ABI.serialize(‘int256’, 1000) ABI.serialize(‘(int, int256)’, 1000, 2000)
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static
Manager¶
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class
manticore.ethereum.
ManticoreEVM
(plugins=None, **kwargs)¶ Manticore EVM manager
Usage Ex:
from manticore.ethereum import ManticoreEVM, ABI m = ManticoreEVM() #And now make the contract account to analyze source_code = ''' pragma solidity ^0.4.15; contract AnInt { uint private i=0; function set(uint value){ i=value } } ''' #Initialize user and contracts user_account = m.create_account(balance=1000) contract_account = m.solidity_create_contract(source_code, owner=user_account, balance=0) contract_account.set(12345, value=100) m.finalize()
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account_name
(address)¶
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accounts
¶
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all_sound_states
¶ Iterator over all sound states. This tries to solve any symbolic imprecision added by unsound_symbolication and then iterates over the resultant set.
This is the recommended to iterate over resultant steas after an exploration that included unsound symbolication
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completed_transactions
¶
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constrain
(constraint)¶
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contract_accounts
¶
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create_account
(balance=0, address=None, code=None, name=None, nonce=None)¶ Low level creates an account. This won’t generate a transaction.
Parameters: - balance (int or BitVecVariable) – balance to be set on creation (optional)
- address (int) – the address for the new account (optional)
- code – the runtime code for the new account (None means normal account), str or bytes (optional)
- nonce – force a specific nonce
- name – a global account name eg. for use as reference in the reports (optional)
Returns: an EVMAccount
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create_contract
(owner, balance=0, address=None, init=None, name=None, gas=None)¶ Creates a contract
Parameters: - owner (int or EVMAccount) – owner account (will be default caller in any transactions)
- balance (int or BitVecVariable) – balance to be transferred on creation
- address (int) – the address for the new contract (optional)
- init (str) – initializing evm bytecode and arguments
- name (str) – a unique name for reference
- gas – gas budget for the creation/initialization of the contract
Return type: EVMAccount
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current_location
(state)¶
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end_block
()¶
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finalize
(procs=None, only_alive_states=False)¶ Terminate and generate testcases for all currently alive states (contract states that cleanly executed to a STOP or RETURN in the last symbolic transaction).
Parameters: - procs – force the number of local processes to use in the reporting
- only_alive_states (bool) – if True, killed states (revert/throw/txerror) do not generate testscases
generation. Uses global configuration constant by default
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fix_unsound_all
(procs=None)¶ Parameters: procs – force the number of local processes to use
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fix_unsound_symbolication
(state)¶
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fix_unsound_symbolication_fake
(state)¶ This method goes through all the applied symbolic functions and tries to find a concrete matching set of pairs
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fix_unsound_symbolication_sound
(state)¶ This method goes through all the applied symbolic functions and tries to find a concrete matching set of pairs
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generate_testcase
(state, message='', only_if=None, name='user')¶ The only_if parameter should be a symbolic expression. If this argument is provided, and the expression can be true in this state, a testcase is generated such that the expression will be true in the state. If it is impossible for the expression to be true in the state, a testcase is not generated.
This is useful for conveniently checking a particular invariant in a state, and generating a testcase if the invariant can be violated.
For example, invariant: “balance” must not be 0. We can check if this can be violated and generate a testcase:
m.generate_testcase(state, 'balance CAN be 0', only_if=balance == 0) # testcase generated with an input that will violate invariant (make balance == 0)
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get_account
(name)¶
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get_balance
(address, state_id=None)¶ Balance for account address on state state_id
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get_code
(address, state_id=None)¶ Storage data for offset on account address on state state_id
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get_metadata
(address) → Optional[manticore.ethereum.solidity.SolidityMetadata]¶ Gets the solidity metadata for address. This is available only if address is a contract created from solidity
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get_nonce
(address)¶
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get_storage_data
(address, offset, state_id=None)¶ Storage data for offset on account address on state state_id
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get_world
(state_id=None)¶ Returns the evm world of state_id state.
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global_coverage
(account)¶ Returns code coverage for the contract on account_address. This sums up all the visited code lines from any of the explored states.
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global_findings
¶
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human_transactions
(state_id=None)¶ Transactions list for state state_id
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last_return
(state_id=None)¶ Last returned buffer for state state_id
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make_symbolic_address
(*accounts, name=None, select='both')¶ Creates a symbolic address and constrains it to pre-existing addresses or the 0 address.
Parameters: - name – Name of the symbolic variable. Defaults to ‘TXADDR’ and later to ‘TXADDR_<number>’
- select – Whether to select contracts or normal accounts. Not implemented for now.
Returns: Symbolic address in form of a BitVecVariable.
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make_symbolic_arguments
(types)¶ Build a reasonable set of symbolic arguments matching the types list
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make_symbolic_buffer
(size, name=None, avoid_collisions=False)¶ Creates a symbolic buffer of size bytes to be used in transactions. You can operate on it normally and add constraints to manticore.constraints via manticore.constrain(constraint_expression)
Example use:
symbolic_data = m.make_symbolic_buffer(320) m.constrain(symbolic_data[0] == 0x65) m.transaction(caller=attacker_account, address=contract_account, data=symbolic_data, value=100000 )
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make_symbolic_value
(nbits=256, name=None)¶ Creates a symbolic value, normally a uint256, to be used in transactions. You can operate on it normally and add constraints to manticore.constraints via manticore.constrain(constraint_expression)
Example use:
symbolic_value = m.make_symbolic_value() m.constrain(symbolic_value > 100) m.constrain(symbolic_value < 1000) m.transaction(caller=attacker_account, address=contract_account, data=data, value=symbolic_value )
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multi_tx_analysis
(solidity_filename, contract_name=None, tx_limit=None, tx_use_coverage=True, tx_send_ether=True, tx_account='attacker', tx_preconstrain=False, args=None, compile_args=None)¶
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new_address
()¶ Create a fresh 160bit address
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normal_accounts
¶
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preconstraint_for_call_transaction
(address: Union[int, manticore.ethereum.account.EVMAccount], data: manticore.core.smtlib.expression.Array, value: Union[int, manticore.core.smtlib.expression.Expression, None] = None, contract_metadata: Optional[manticore.ethereum.solidity.SolidityMetadata] = None)¶ Returns a constraint that excludes combinations of value and data that would cause an exception in the EVM contract dispatcher.
Parameters: - address – address of the contract to call
- value – balance to be transferred (optional)
- data – symbolic transaction data
- contract_metadata – SolidityMetadata for the contract (optional)
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ready_sound_states
¶ Iterator over sound ready states. This tries to solve any symbolic imprecision added by unsound_symbolication and then iterates over the resultant set.
This is the recommended way to iterate over the resultant states after an exploration that included unsound symbolication
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register_detector
(d)¶ Unregisters a plugin. This will invoke detector’s on_unregister callback. Shall be called after .finalize.
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run
(**kwargs)¶ Runs analysis.
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solidity_create_contract
(source_code, owner, name=None, contract_name=None, libraries=None, balance=0, address=None, args=(), gas=None, compile_args=None)¶ Creates a solidity contract and library dependencies
Parameters: - source_code (string (filename, directory, etherscan address) or a file handle) – solidity source code
- owner (int or EVMAccount) – owner account (will be default caller in any transactions)
- contract_name (str) – Name of the contract to analyze (optional if there is a single one in the source code)
- balance (int or BitVecVariable) – balance to be transferred on creation
- address (int or EVMAccount) – the address for the new contract (optional)
- args (tuple) – constructor arguments
- compile_args (dict) – crytic compile options #FIXME(https://github.com/crytic/crytic-compile/wiki/Configuration)
- gas (int) – gas budget for each contract creation needed (may be more than one if several related contracts defined in the solidity source)
Return type: EVMAccount
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start_block
(blocknumber=None, timestamp=None, difficulty=0, gaslimit=0, coinbase=None)¶
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transaction
(caller, address, value, data, gas=None, price=1)¶ Issue a symbolic transaction in all running states
Parameters: - caller (int or EVMAccount) – the address of the account sending the transaction
- address (int or EVMAccount) – the address of the contract to call
- value (int or BitVecVariable) – balance to be transfered on creation
- data – initial data
- gas – gas budget
- price – gas unit price
Raises: NoAliveStates – if there are no alive states to execute
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transactions
(state_id=None)¶ Transactions list for state state_id
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unregister_detector
(d)¶ Unregisters a detector. This will invoke detector’s on_unregister callback. Shall be called after .finalize - otherwise, finalize won’t add detector’s finding to global.findings.
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workspace
¶
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world
¶ The world instance or None if there is more than one state
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EVM¶
Symbolic EVM implementation based on the yellow paper: http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf
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class
manticore.platforms.evm.
BlockHeader
(blocknumber, timestamp, difficulty, gaslimit, coinbase)¶ -
blocknumber
¶ Alias for field number 0
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coinbase
¶ Alias for field number 4
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difficulty
¶ Alias for field number 2
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gaslimit
¶ Alias for field number 3
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timestamp
¶ Alias for field number 1
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
ConcretizeArgument
(pos, expression=None, policy='SAMPLED')¶ Raised when a symbolic argument needs to be concretized.
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
ConcretizeFee
(policy='MINMAX')¶ Raised when a symbolic gas fee needs to be concretized.
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
ConcretizeGas
(policy='MINMAX')¶ Raised when a symbolic gas needs to be concretized.
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class
manticore.platforms.evm.
EVM
(constraints, address, data, caller, value, bytecode, world=None, gas=None, fork='istanbul', **kwargs)¶ Machine State. The machine state is defined as the tuple (g, pc, m, i, s) which are the gas available, the program counter pc , the memory contents, the active number of words in memory (counting continuously from position 0), and the stack contents. The memory contents are a series of zeroes of bitsize 256
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CHAINID
()¶ Get current chainid.
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EXTCODEHASH
(account)¶ Get hash of code
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SAR
(a, b)¶ Arithmetic Shift Right operation
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SELFBALANCE
()¶
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SELFDESTRUCT_gas
(recipient)¶
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SHL
(a, b)¶ Shift Left operation
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SHR
(a, b)¶ Logical Shift Right operation
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allocated
¶
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bytecode
¶
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change_last_result
(result)¶
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static
check256int
(value)¶
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check_oog
()¶
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constraints
¶
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disassemble
()¶
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execute
()¶
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fail_if
(failed)¶
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gas
¶
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instruction
¶ Current instruction pointed by self.pc
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is_failed
()¶
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pc
¶
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read_buffer
(offset, size)¶
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read_code
(address, size=1)¶ Read size byte from bytecode. If less than size bytes are available result will be pad with
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safe_add
(a, b, *args)¶
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safe_mul
(a, b)¶
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world
¶
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write_buffer
(offset, data)¶
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
EVMException
¶
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class
manticore.platforms.evm.
EVMLog
(address, memlog, topics)¶ -
address
¶ Alias for field number 0
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memlog
¶ Alias for field number 1
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topics
¶ Alias for field number 2
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class
manticore.platforms.evm.
EVMWorld
(constraints, fork='istanbul', **kwargs)¶ -
account_exists
(address)¶
-
accounts
¶
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add_refund
(value)¶
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add_to_balance
(address, value)¶
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all_transactions
¶
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block_coinbase
()¶
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block_difficulty
()¶
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block_gaslimit
()¶
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block_hash
(block_number=None, force_recent=True)¶ Calculates a block’s hash
Parameters: - block_number – the block number for which to calculate the hash, defaulting to the most recent block
- force_recent – if True (the default) return zero for any block that is in the future or older than 256 blocks
Returns: the block hash
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block_number
()¶
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block_prevhash
()¶
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block_timestamp
()¶
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static
calculate_new_address
(sender=None, nonce=None)¶
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constraints
¶
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contract_accounts
¶
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create_account
(address=None, balance=0, code=None, storage=None, nonce=None)¶ Low level account creation. No transaction is done.
Parameters: - address – the address of the account, if known. If omitted, a new address will be generated as closely to the Yellow Paper as possible.
- balance – the initial balance of the account in Wei
- code – the runtime code of the account, if a contract
- storage – storage array
- nonce – the nonce for the account; contracts should have a nonce greater than or equal to 1
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create_contract
(price=0, address=None, caller=None, balance=0, init=None, gas=None)¶ Initiates a CREATE a contract account. Sends a transaction to initialize the contract. Do a world.run() after this to explore all _possible_ outputs
Parameters: - address – the address of the new account, if known. If omitted, a new address will be generated as closely to the Yellow Paper as possible.
- balance – the initial balance of the account in Wei
- init – the initialization code of the contract
The way that the Solidity compiler expects the constructor arguments to be passed is by appending the arguments to the byte code produced by the Solidity compiler. The arguments are formatted as defined in the Ethereum ABI2. The arguments are then copied from the init byte array to the EVM memory through the CODECOPY opcode with appropriate values on the stack. This is done when the byte code in the init byte array is actually run on the network.
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current_human_transaction
¶ Current ongoing human transaction
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current_transaction
¶ current tx
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current_vm
¶ current vm
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delete_account
(address)¶
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deleted_accounts
¶
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depth
¶
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dump
(stream, state, mevm, message)¶
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end_block
(block_reward=None)¶
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evmfork
¶
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execute
()¶
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get_balance
(address)¶
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get_code
(address)¶
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get_nonce
(address)¶
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get_storage
(address)¶ Gets the storage of an account
Parameters: address – account address Returns: account storage Return type: bytearray or ArrayProxy
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get_storage_data
(storage_address, offset)¶ Read a value from a storage slot on the specified account
Parameters: - storage_address – an account address
- offset (int or BitVec) – the storage slot to use.
Returns: the value
Return type: int or BitVec
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get_storage_items
(address)¶ Gets all items in an account storage
Parameters: address – account address Returns: all items in account storage. items are tuple of (index, value). value can be symbolic Return type: list[(storage_index, storage_value)]
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has_code
(address)¶
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has_storage
(address)¶ True if something has been written to the storage. Note that if a slot has been erased from the storage this function may lose any meaning.
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human_transactions
¶ Completed human transaction
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increase_nonce
(address)¶
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last_human_transaction
¶ Last completed human transaction
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last_transaction
¶ Last completed transaction
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log
(address, topics, data)¶
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log_storage
(addr)¶
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logs
¶
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new_address
(sender=None, nonce=None)¶ Create a fresh 160bit address
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normal_accounts
¶
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send_funds
(sender, recipient, value)¶
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set_balance
(address, value)¶
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set_code
(address, data)¶
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set_storage_data
(storage_address, offset, value)¶ Writes a value to a storage slot in specified account
Parameters: - storage_address – an account address
- offset (int or BitVec) – the storage slot to use.
- value (int or BitVec) – the value to write
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start_block
(blocknumber=4370000, timestamp=1524785992, difficulty=512, gaslimit=2147483647, coinbase=0)¶
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start_transaction
(sort, address, *, price=None, data=None, caller=None, value=0, gas=2300)¶ Initiate a transaction.
Parameters: - sort – the type of transaction. CREATE or CALL or DELEGATECALL
- address – the address of the account which owns the code that is executing.
- price – the price of gas in the transaction that originated this execution.
- data – the byte array that is the input data to this execution
- caller – the address of the account which caused the code to be executing. A 160-bit code used for identifying Accounts
- value – the value, in Wei, passed to this account as part of the same procedure as execution. One Ether is defined as being 10**18 Wei.
- bytecode – the byte array that is the machine code to be executed.
- gas – gas budget for this transaction.
- failed – True if the transaction must fail
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sub_from_balance
(address, value)¶
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sub_refund
(value)¶
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symbolic_function
(func, data)¶ Get an unsound symbolication for function func
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transaction
(address, price=0, data='', caller=None, value=0, gas=2300)¶ Initiates a CALL transaction on current state. Do a world.run() after this to explore all _possible_ outputs
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transactions
¶ Completed completed transaction
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try_simplify_to_constant
(data)¶
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tx_gasprice
()¶
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tx_origin
()¶
-
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
EndTx
(result, data=None)¶ The current transaction ends
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is_rollback
()¶
-
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
InvalidOpcode
¶ Trying to execute invalid opcode
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
NotEnoughGas
¶ Not enough gas for operation
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class
manticore.platforms.evm.
PendingTransaction
(type, address, price, data, caller, value, gas, failed)¶ -
address
¶ Alias for field number 1
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caller
¶ Alias for field number 4
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data
¶ Alias for field number 3
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failed
¶ Alias for field number 7
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gas
¶ Alias for field number 6
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price
¶ Alias for field number 2
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type
¶ Alias for field number 0
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value
¶ Alias for field number 5
-
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
Return
(data=b'')¶ Program reached a RETURN instruction
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
Revert
(data)¶ Program reached a REVERT instruction
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
SelfDestruct
¶ Program reached a SELFDESTRUCT instruction
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
StackOverflow
¶ Attempted to push more than 1024 items
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
StackUnderflow
¶ Attempted to pop from an empty stack
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
StartTx
¶ A new transaction is started
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
Stop
¶ Program reached a STOP instruction
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
TXError
¶ A failed Transaction
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exception
manticore.platforms.evm.
Throw
¶
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class
manticore.platforms.evm.
Transaction
(sort, address, price, data, caller, value, gas=0, depth=None, result=None, return_data=None, used_gas=None)¶ -
address
¶
-
caller
¶
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concretize
(state, constrain=False)¶ Parameters: - state – a manticore state
- constrain (bool) – If True, constrain expr to concretized value
-
data
¶
-
depth
¶
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dump
(stream, state, mevm, conc_tx=None)¶ Concretize and write a human readable version of the transaction into the stream. Used during testcase generation.
Parameters: - stream – Output stream to write to. Typically a file.
- state (manticore.ethereum.State) – state that the tx exists in
- mevm (manticore.ethereum.ManticoreEVM) – manticore instance
Returns:
-
gas
¶
-
is_human
¶ Returns whether this is a transaction made by human (in a script).
- As an example for:
- contract A { function a(B b) { b.b(); } } contract B { function b() {} }
Calling B.b() makes a human transaction. Calling A.a(B) makes a human transaction which makes an internal transaction (b.b()).
-
price
¶
-
result
¶
-
return_data
¶
-
return_value
¶
-
set_result
(result, return_data=None, used_gas=None)¶
-
sort
¶
-
to_dict
(mevm)¶ Only meant to be used with concrete Transaction objects! (after calling .concretize())
-
used_gas
¶
-
value
¶
-
-
manticore.platforms.evm.
ceil32
(x)¶
-
manticore.platforms.evm.
concretized_args
(**policies)¶ Make sure an EVM instruction has all of its arguments concretized according to provided policies.
Example decoration:
@concretized_args(size=’ONE’, address=’’) def LOG(self, address, size, *topics): …The above will make sure that the size parameter to LOG is Concretized when symbolic according to the ‘ONE’ policy and concretize address with the default policy.
Parameters: policies – A kwargs list of argument names and their respective policies. Provide None or ‘’ as policy to use default. Returns: A function decorator
-
manticore.platforms.evm.
globalfakesha3
(data)¶
-
manticore.platforms.evm.
globalsha3
(data)¶
-
manticore.platforms.evm.
to_signed
(i)¶